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英语语法 3 - 形容词

发表于 更新于 分类于 阅读次数： Valine：

形容词是名词短语的最后一个组成成分，用来表示名词的性质和特征。

4.1 形容词在名词短语中的位置

  • 前置修饰

    • 单个形容词作定语修饰名词，位于名词之前，形式为限定词+形容词+名词，I am reading an interesting book.

    • 多个形容词修饰名词时的排序，限定词+观点形容词(beautiful, famous)+尺寸大小+形状+新旧+颜色+国籍/出处/产地+用途+中心名词

      This beautiful, big, old, red, Chinese, wooden table was my grandmother’s.

      The man was carrying a small black plastic bag.

  • 后置修饰

    • 形容词+补足语 构成的形容词短语
      • 形容词+介词短语，a jacket similar to yours.
      • 形容词+不定式短语，parents eager to support their children’s effort
      • 形容词+动名词短语，a waiter busy serving the guests
      • 形容词后接that从句，If a dimond is heated without oxygen, it will turn to graphite, a from of carbon so soft that it is used as a lubricant.
      • 形容词与补足语分隔，Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life.
      • 形容词在名词前，补足语在名词后，a taller man than John.
    • 多个形容词并列 构成的形容词短语
      • 两个或两个以上的形容词(短语)并列作定语，一般放在修饰名词后面，且用逗号将形容词与句子其他部分分隔开；此时作定语的形容词通常是对所修饰名词的补充性解释或说明
        • All countries, large or small, should be equal.
        • Each person has his or her own purpose and distinct path, unique and separate from anyone else’s.
      • 有时这样的并列形容词短语不是修饰名词，而是修饰整个句子，具有状语的意味
        • Flying the F-16 straight and level is easy.
        • A man approached the official, timid and hesitant.

4.2 形容词的比较级和最高级

  • 比较级和最高级的构成形式

    一般来说，形容词（副词）具有原级、比较级和最高级的形式，形式的变化方式与形容词的音节数目有关。

    • 单音节词
      • 一般直接在词尾加-er和-est，bright/brighter/brightest, strong/stronger/strongest
      • 以-e结尾的词，直接在词尾加-r和-st，brave/braver/bravest, large/larger/largest
      • 以-y结尾的词变-y为-i，再加-er和-est，shy/shier/shiest
      • 以一个元音+辅音结尾的词，需双写词尾辅音，再加-er和-est，fat/fatter/fattest, sad/sadder/sddest, big/bigger/biggest
    • 双音节词
      • 以-y结尾的双音节词变-y为-i(不包括副词，如slowly)，再加-er和-est，happy/happier/happiest, silly/sillier/silliest, early/earlier/earliest
      • 大部分双音节词分别在词前加more和most构成比较级，tiring/more tiring/most tiring, slowly/more slowly/most slowly
      • 少数双音节词可以采用两种变化形式，包括common, cruel, friendly, funny, handsome, mature,noisy, pleasant, polite, quiet, stupid, tired, hollow, narrow, shallow, clever, tender, feeble, gentle, noble
    • 多音节词
      • 三个及三个以上音节的词只能通过more和most来构成比较级和最高级，interesting/more interesting/most interesting, excited, successful
    • 特殊变化形式
      • good-well/better/best, bad-ill/worse/worst, far/farther-further/farthest-furthest, old/older-elder/oldest-eldest, little/less/least,
      • many-much/more/most, late/later-latter/latest-last, up/upper/uppermost-upmost
      • farther/farthest表实际距离，further/furthest可以表进一步、更深入的，常与抽象名词连用，further discussion, further study
      • older/oldest表年龄大小，elder/elsest主要表家庭成员之间的长幼关系(一般不接than)，my elder brother
      • later表时间上的前后，latter表顺序的前后，与former相对；latest表最新的，last表最后一个

    • 不具有等级的形容词

      • 英语中的一小部分词表示绝对含义，因此没有比较级和最高级形式，包括如下

        absolute, alone, dead, empty, equal, eternal, horizontal, perfect, primary, pregnant, round, square, straight, supreme, unique, unanimous

      • 可以用表接近的副词来对上面的词进行修饰，nearly perfect, almost fatal

  • 比较级的用法
    • than的比较句型，被比较的两个事物之间应具有可比性，如下
      • 两个同类事物的比较，A + 比较级 + than + B，This question is less difficult than that question.
      • 同一事物自身的比较，A + 比较级 + 情形1 + than + 情形2，He did much better in the finals this term than last term.
      • 若比较的事物具有包含所属关系，应当用other或else加以区分，Iron is more useful than any other metal.
    • 比较级与the
      • 比较级前面一般不需要the，但在有介词短语of the two出现时需要加the，I think this painting is the more interesting of the two.
    • more and more句型
      • more and more + 形容词，双重比较表示事物的不断变化，The city is becoming more and more beautiful.
      • 不可用在单音节词之前，That singer is getting fatter and fatter.
    • 可以修饰比较级的词
      • 形容词比较级可以用表程度的词进行修饰，a bit, a little bit, a little, a lot, a great deal, any, even, far, by far, much, very much, no, rather, still, slightly, Are you feeling any better?
      • 如下的词一般不能修饰比较级，very, much, quiet, fairly
    • 否定词+比较级
      • 否定词+比较级 表最高级，否定词包括 few, nothing, never, not，It couldn’t be worse. I have never heared a better song.

  • 最高级的用法

    • the + (序数词) + 最高级 + in + 地方，The Huanghe River is the second longest river in China.

    • the + 最高级 + of + 所属范围，Gold is the least useful of all metals.

      of + 所属范围 可以前置句首，Of all forms of energy, electricity is the most widely used.

    • most有时用在形容词前，表非常、很，相当于very, very much，此时前面不用加the，It is a most difficult problem.

4.3 -ing与-ed

  • 基本用法
    • ing形容词主要用来描述事物给人的感觉，主语通常是事物或作定语来修饰事物，the exciting news
    • ed形容词主要用来描述生命体的情绪神态，主语通常是生命体或作定语来修饰生命体，the excited man
  • 高级用法
    • ing可以用来修饰人，表这个人给人的感觉，a boring man, He is interesting to listen to.(听他讲话很有意思)
    • ed可以用来修饰物，表示人的主管感受，Tom has a frightened look on his face.