动名词的构成是在动词后面加-ing，意义上相当于一个名词，但又保留有动词的特征
21.1 动名词的作用
- 做主语，一般位于句首，但在特定句型中可以置于句末(it is no good/use doing sth, there is no point/use/good in doing sth, there is no doing sth)
- Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength; while loving someone deeply gives you courage.
- There is no telling what will happen tomorrow.
- 作宾语，在部分动词、介词、部分句型中做宾语
- Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result.
- The book is worth reading.
- 作表语
- His hobby is collecting stamps.
21.2 动名词的逻辑主语
- 动名词的复合结构，通过名词所有格、名词主格来引出逻辑主语，其中做主语时最好采用所有格，逻辑主语为物、不定代词或为较长的词组时，最好采用主格形式
- He disliked his wife’s working late.
- There is no point any of us arguing with him.
22.2 动名词的时态和语态
动名词只有一般式和完成式的主动和被动形式，即doing, being done, having done, having been done
- 被动式，动名词所修饰的名词或代词是动名词的逻辑宾语，但在demand, deserve, need, require, want等词后面，动名词主动表被动
- I have not the least objection to the child being punished.
- He deserves shooting first. 他应该第一个被枪毙
- He deserves to shoot first. 他应该第一个开始射击
- 完成式，强调动名词动作发生在谓语动词之前，尤其是较长一段时间持续的情况
- He denied having been there.
- I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
22.3 there be的不定式与动名词形式
- there being表示有，常用与介词之后
- No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.
- there to be，常用在接不定式做宾语的动词或介词for后面
- I don’t mean there to be any unpleasantness.
- For there to be life, there must be air and water.