英语语法 8 - 基本句型

否定句与疑问句

谓语中含有be动词(实义动词或助动词)或情态动词时，直接在be动词或情态动词后面加not，He is not a teacher. I cannot swim.
谓语动词仅有实义动词，通过do/dose/did + not + 动词原形来表达否定，I do not like English.
否定缩写

一个完整陈述句的真伪进行提问，只调整动词的位置

对句子成分进行提问，用特殊疑问词代指句子成分，格式为：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句 + ？

不与名词连用的疑问词，who, what, when, where, how, why
- What are you doing?
需与名词连用的疑问词，which, whose
- Which one do you like?
how的用法
- 单独使用，对动作方式进行提问，How do you go to work?
- 与形容词或副词连用，How old are you?
- 对动作发生频率提问，how often, how many times

动词是句子的核心，决定了一个句子的骨架结构。

系动词，又称连系动词，不表具体的动作，只用于连接主语和表语，
常用系动词有be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear, become, turn
表语，用于表明主语的性质特征，又称为主语补足语，一般是名词或形容词
He looks happy.

谓语为双宾动词，所接成分既有人又有物；一般来说人表示动作的接受者，为间接宾语；物是动作的承受者，为直接宾语。
- I made John a cake.
谓语为宾补动词，接宾语和宾语补足语
- 宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明，而非动作的承受者，类似主语与主语补足语，可通过添加系动词be和双宾语进行区分
- I made John our chairman.

谓语为宾补动词，宾语与宾语补足语合成复合宾语，
- 常见的宾补动词有：appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, elect, fell, find, keep
- The chairman declared the meeting over.
区别双宾语与复合宾语：是否能构成主系表结构

一个完整的句子都是由两部分组成：陈述对象+陈述内容，即主语加谓语。谓语决定了一个句子的骨架结构。在分析复杂的难句结构式首先需要找到句子的谓语，包括主句的谓语和各个从句的谓语；同时在写作时，一定需要知道谓语动词的用法特点，能否接宾语以及接何种形式的宾语。

系动词没有实际含义，只用来连接主语和后面的表语，副词不能做表语

系动词分类
- 表主语的特征/状态，feel, look, sound, taste, small, seem, appear
  - The iron feels not hot.
- 表主语从一种状态转化为另一种状态，become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come
  - The leaf will turn yellow in autumn.
  - go作为系动词，表主语像坏的方向发展，go hungry, go mad, go bad, go crazy
- 表主语保持某种状态，continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove
  - He held silent for the whole day.
- 近于不及物动词的系动词，sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die, be born
  - Lei Feng died young. (Lei Feng was young when he died.)
简单句叠加成复杂句
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet(定语) for the normal growth and maintenance of life(定语) of animals, including man.

简单句叠加成复杂句
This trend began during the Second World War(状语), when several governments came to the conclusion(定从) that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment(定从) cannot generally be foreseen in detail(同从).

简单句叠加成复杂句
The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen(定语) to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier(定语) helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade(定语) that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century(定从).

简单句叠加成复杂句
Her work in genetics won United States scientist Barbara McClintock the Nobel Prize in 1983.

简单句叠加成复杂句
Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth-century Nebraska(定语), My Antonia(同位语) her best work.

英文中各种复杂的难句都是由这五种基本句型通过扩展、组合、省略、倒装等各种形式变化而来的。一个句子除了主语和谓语外，还可能有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语，除了谓语只能由动词充当外，其余成分均可以由词、短语或句子来充当。